Japanese fencing traditions and European fencing styles have distinct differences rooted in cultural, historical, and philosophical influences. Although both systems involve combat with swords, they diverge in technique, philosophy, and purpose. The following explores how these two forms of fencing differ from one another.
1. Historical Origins and Development
Japanese fencing, or Kendo, evolved from the martial arts practiced by samurai, the warrior class in feudal Japan. It traces its roots to the use of the katana (Japanese sword) and was refined over centuries for use in battlefield combat and personal defense. After the Edo period (1603–1868), when Japan entered a time of relative peace, the practice of sword fighting transitioned into a system of training for discipline and spiritual development.
On the other hand, European fencing originated in the medieval period and was influenced by the knightly tradition. Early European martial arts involved various forms of sword fighting, including longsword and rapier techniques. By the Renaissance, the focus of European fencing shifted more toward sport, influenced by the need for skilled swordsmanship during combat in a rapidly changing political landscape. The tradition eventually split into different fencing disciplines, including foil, épée, and sabre, focusing on competitive sport.
2. Philosophy and Mental Approach
One of the key distinctions between Japanese and European fencing is the underlying philosophy and mindset.
In Kendo, practitioners emphasize spiritual growth, discipline, and respect for one’s opponent. Kendo is deeply intertwined with Bushido, the samurai code of honor, which emphasizes integrity, respect, courage, and self-discipline. Training is as much about personal growth and mental fortitude as it is about developing physical skills. Kendo encourages practitioners to face their fears, control their emotions, and develop inner peace through rigorous practice.
In contrast, European fencing tends to focus more on technique, agility, and strategy. While some schools of European fencing incorporate a philosophical element, particularly in the context of medieval martial arts, the emphasis is generally placed on the practical aspect of combat skills. In modern sport fencing, the focus is primarily on the application of techniques to score points and win matches. Mental preparation is still important, especially for competitive fencers, but the spiritual element is less pronounced.
3. Weaponry and Technique
The weapons used in Japanese fencing are distinct from those in European fencing, influencing the fighting styles.
In Kendo, the main weapon is the bokken (wooden sword), or in more advanced stages, the shinai (bamboo sword). The katana’s unique curved shape, with its emphasis on slicing movements, is central to the practice. The combat style in Kendo revolves around Zanshin (awareness) and swift, decisive strikes aimed at the opponent’s head (men), hands (kote), or torso (do). There is also a focus on precise footwork and the rhythm of the strike, with an emphasis on both offense and defense in a fluid, meditative manner.
In contrast, European fencing includes a variety of swords, such as the longsword, rapier, sabre, and foil. Each weapon has distinct techniques and philosophies. The longsword, for example, focuses on powerful cutting techniques and is used in both one-on-one duels and battlefield combat. The rapier, with its lighter design, is more focused on thrusting techniques and finesse. The fencing techniques developed for these weapons are largely characterized by a system of offensive and defensive postures, often referred to as “guards,” and are taught with a focus on footwork and timing. The goal in European fencing is to outmaneuver and score a clean hit on the opponent.
4. Training and Sparring Methods
Training in both Japanese and European fencing has evolved to incorporate controlled sparring, but the structure and approach to training differ.
In Kendo, training typically includes a mix of kihon (basic drills), randori (free sparring), and kata (pre-arranged forms). These elements are designed to build fundamental skills and understanding of the art. Kendo practitioners spend a significant amount of time performing basic strikes and footwork to engrain muscle memory before progressing to sparring with other practitioners. The emphasis on kata helps practitioners internalize techniques and movements before applying them in free sparring, where the focus is on full-contact, realistic swordplay with an emphasis on spirit and discipline.
In European fencing, particularly in modern sport fencing, there is a focus on precise, quick strikes and defensive actions. Training involves a lot of footwork drills, and there is a greater focus on point-scoring systems, especially in competitive contexts. Sparring often takes place with an emphasis on the tactical application of techniques rather than the spiritual aspects of combat. The integration of protective gear and the focus on speed and accuracy are central to European fencing, especially in Olympic disciplines.
5. Cultural Influence and Symbolism
Kendo is deeply connected to Japanese culture, with its practice often symbolizing the continuation of the samurai tradition. The uniform, consisting of a hakama (wide-legged pants) and keikogi (training jacket), represents a link to feudal Japan, and the rituals involved in Kendo—such as bowing before the match—highlight respect and tradition. The practice also connects to Zen Buddhism, where sword fighting can be seen as a form of meditation.
On the other hand, European fencing evolved in a variety of cultural contexts, each bringing its unique influence. The use of swords in battle, duels, and tournaments shaped the different styles of fencing. In the modern era, sport fencing in Europe has become a highly regulated activity governed by organizations like the FIE (International Fencing Federation). The focus is more on athleticism and competition rather than spiritual or cultural symbolism.
6. Scoring and Winning
In Kendo, the act of scoring a valid strike is based on not just hitting the target area but also on demonstrating proper form, timing, and spirit. The scoring system in Kendo is based on an understanding of Ippon (one full point), where a clean, decisive strike that demonstrates the practitioner’s skill and intent results in a point being awarded. A match may end when one competitor scores two Ippon, or after a set time limit.
In European fencing, the scoring system is more mechanized, especially in the modern sport version. The use of electric scoring apparatus in foil, épée, and sabre fencing means that the target area is precisely defined, and a point is awarded when a valid touch is made, as detected by the scoring system. The focus is less on the demonstration of skill through form and spirit and more on the precision and timing of touches.
7. Modern Adaptations
In the modern era, both Japanese and European fencing traditions have adapted to become formalized sports with global followings.
Kendo remains a primarily traditional martial art, with a strong focus on the doctrine of self-improvement. While it is practiced as a sport, its core values related to personal growth and respect remain central. Shiai (competitive matches) are governed by strict regulations, and there is less emphasis on point scoring for tactical advantages and more on showing proper swordsmanship.
European fencing, particularly Olympic fencing, has evolved into a highly competitive sport, with more focus on technique, speed, and physical conditioning. The rules and scoring are finely tuned for modern competition, and while the martial art aspects are still appreciated, sport fencing has become less about combat and more about athletic performance.
Conclusion
In conclusion, while both Japanese and European fencing traditions share a common root in sword fighting, their approaches diverge significantly in terms of philosophy, technique, and purpose. Japanese fencing, with its strong ties to the samurai tradition and emphasis on spiritual growth, offers a different perspective on the art of swordsmanship compared to the tactical, sport-focused European styles. Both traditions, however, continue to inspire and shape the practice of fencing worldwide.